World Health Survey Plus Cambodia 2023
Wave 1
Cambodia, 2023
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DDI-KHM-WHO-WHSPLUS-2023-V01
World Health Survey Plus Cambodia 2023
Wave 1
WHS+ KHM 2023
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | KHM |
World Health Survey [hh/whs]
The World Health Survey Plus (WHS+) is the first wave of the study. WHS+ surveys are designed by the World Health Organization and implemented by national agencies in participating countries.
The World Health Survey Plus (WHS+) is the World Health Organization’s flagship household survey programme, which is hosted by the Survey Unit within the Department of Data and Analytics (DNA) in the Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact (DDI). The WHS+ is focused on generating data needed to align with shifting data needs in health programming, policy and analysis, while also working to strengthen household survey systems in member countries.
The World Health Survey Plus (WHS+) builds on WHO’s experience with generating, analyzing and disseminating representative data from household surveys in over 101 countries. The WHS+ provides a data collection system for countries to monitor their progress towards population health targets, health-related SDGs, and WHO’s impact framework.
The WHS+ will drive measurement of strategic health goals and add value to countries’ data collection.
AIM
The aim of the WHS+ is to generate valid, reliable, comparable and timely information on a range of health and well-being outcomes and determinants of public health importance in nationally representative target populations. The results from the WHS+ will support WHO member states to track progress on country-specific objectives and towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and HR-SDG targets, and WHO’s Impact Framework approved by Member States.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES
Create a robust multi-functional data collection platform for generating data to monitor progress on national priorities, HR-SDGs and UHC.
Support countries to generate, analyse and use high-quality data to fill data gaps.
Develop standardized, computerized data collection strategies that enable speedier data collection and more reliable comparison across countries.
ADDITIONAL OBJECTIVES
Develop capacities in using evidence for policy
Institutionalize a regular data generation platform in countries
Provide tools and methods for better sequencing and coordination between studies
Pursue improvements in integrating survey data into health information systems
Provide methods for the inclusion of neglected topics and population groups
Build on post-census surveys with up-to-date sampling frames
Introduce a suite of data collection and analysis tools to use alongside National Statistics Offices and the United Nations Statistics Division
CONTENT
HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
0000 Coversheet
0100 Sampling Information
0200 Geocoding/GPS Information
0300 Recontact Information
0350 Contact Record
0400 Household Roster
0450 Household Consent
0460 Migration
0500 Housing
0500 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
0500 Clean Fuels
0600 Household and Family Support Networks and Transfers
0700 Assets and Income
0800 Household Consumption Expenditure
0900 Health Workforce
INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONNAIRE
1000 Socio-Demographic Characteristics
1100 Covid-19 Vaccination
2000 Health State Description
2100 Disability
2200 Assistive Technology
2500 Anthropometrics, Performance Tests and Biomarkers
3000 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours-Tobacco Use
3100 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours-Alcohol Use
3300 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours-Diet
3400 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours-Physical Activity
4000 Chronic Conditions and Health Services Coverage
4100 Accidents/Injuries
4200 Reproductive Health
4300 Immunization Coverage
4400 Global Scales for Early Development
4500 Antimicrobial Resistance
5000 Health Care Utilisation
6000 Social Networks
7000 Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being (WHOQoL-8 and Day Reconstruction Method)
8000 Preventing Unsafe Abortion
Sample survey data [ssd]
Households and individuals
Version
v0.1: Edited, weighted anonymous dataset for public distribution.
2023-05-31
Scope
The scope of the World Health Survey Plus includes:
HOUSEHOLD: household characteristics, migration, housing, water sanitation and hygiene, clean fuels, household and family support networks and transfers, assets and household income, household expenditure, health workforce.
INDIVIDUAL: socio demographic characteristics, Covid-19 vaccination, health state, disability, assisitive technology, anthropometrics, performance tests and biomarkers, tobacco use, alcohol use, diet, physical activity, chronic conditions and health service coverage, accidents/injuries, reproductive health, immunization coverage, global scales for early development, antimicrobial resistance, traditional and complementary medicine, health care utilisation, social networks, quality of life and subjective well-being, preventing unsafe abortion.
| Topic | Vocabulary |
|---|---|
| World Health Survey Plus (WHS+) | Survey |
Coverage
National coverage
The WHS+ will include all male and female adults (18 years of age and older) who are not out of the country during the survey period. It should be noted that this includes the population who may be institutionalized for health reasons at the time of the survey: all persons who would have fit the definition of household member at the time of their institutionalisation are included in the eligible population.
If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized short-term (e.g. a 3-day stay at a hospital) the interviewer must return to the household when the individual will have come back to interview him/her. If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized long term (e.g. has been in a nursing home the last 8 years), the interviewer must travel to that institution to interview him/her.
The target population includes any adult, male or female age 18 or over living in private households. Populations in group quarters, on military reservations, or in other non-household living arrangements will not be eligible for the study. People who are in an institution due to a health condition (such as a hospital, hospice, nursing home, home for the aged, etc.) at the time of the visit to the household are interviewed either in the institution or upon their return to their household if this is within a period of two weeks from the first visit to the household.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Professor Heng Sopheab | National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Ministry of Health |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Srean Chhim | National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Ministry of Health | Data collection manager |
| Nirmala Naidoo | World Health Organization | Supervision and review of metadata and documentation of study |
| Raghavendra Gowda | World Health Organization | Documentation of metadata |
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| World Health Organization | WHO |
Sampling
Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces, which are further subdivided into 203 districts. These districts are comprised of 1,647 communes, which in turn contain a total of 14,568 villages.
The size of villages varies significantly, ranging from as few as 8 households to as many as 8,981 households, with a median size of 183 households per village.
A stratified three-stage cluster sampling design was employed for the study. Strata were defined by cross-classifying province (25 total), locality (urban/rural),
and village size (categorized into three groups: less than 3 Enumeration Areas (EAs), between 3 and 20 EAs, and 20 or more EAs).
This resulted in 101 strata for sampling. Six villages were included with absolute certainty.
The 2021 update of the 2019 General Population Census frame, provided by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) Cambodia, was used as the sampling frame.
Initially, 400 EAs were drawn into the sample, with 15 households selected from each EA to achieve a target sample size of 6,000 households.
However, this plan was revised due to the unavailability of EA information from the NIS. Instead, 276 of the 279 Villages containing sampled EAs for which geo-coordinates were provided
by the NIS, were included in the sample, with 22 households selected from each village to achieve a target sample size of 6072 households.
For individual interviews, one person aged 18 or older per household was eligible to participate.
The eligible individual was selected with equal probabilities using the CAPI program from a list of eligible household members.
Stages of selection
Strata: Province, Locality, Village size = 98
PSU: Village=276 surveyed
SSU: Households=6072 surveyed
TSU: Individuals=6072 surveyed
A target sample size of 22 households per sampled village was required to achieve the overall target sample of 6,072 households for the WHS+.
Using building data points as sampling units did not guarantee finding a household, as some buildings might be uninhabited or be used for non-residential purposes. Therefore, 44 buildings data points were selected from each village, by taking the first 44 data points listed in the provided random permutation.
Each interview team was assigned the first set of 22 building data points in the village. If the target of 22 households was not reached the second set of 22 building data points was assigned. Buildings were visited in order of their numbering. Midway through data collection the strategy was revised: all 44 building data points were assigned to the team and the numbering was disregarded. The target of 22 households could be obtained from any of the 44 building data points. Survey teams tended to visit buildings that were clustered together before moving on to more remote buildings.
The procedure adopted might lead to some bias due to field workers using non-random selection of sampled buildings to visit within the list of 44 buildings data points provided, but this was unavoidable given the demands from the field coordinator for cost-efficiency reasons.
Response rates
response rate=% of households/persons who completed the interviews amongst all eligible households/persons, including those who were not successfully contacted.
Household
Response rate=88%
Individual:
Response rate=87%
Weights
Household weights(variable hhweight) for analysis at household level and individual weights(variable pweight) for analysis at person level were calculated.
Basic household and person weights were computed as the reciprocals of their corresponding selection probabilities, considering all stages of selection.
Basic household weights were then calibrated to population totals by province, locality(urban/rural), sex and age groups (00-14, 15-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70+) according to the 2023 population estimates from the NIS Cambodia.
Calibration was done on the marginal distributions, using raking, and was such that all individuals within a sampled household would have the same calibrated weight.
Basic individual weights were calibrated to population totals by sex, age-groups (18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70+), locality(urban/rural) and province according to the 2023 population estimates from the NIS Cambodia.
Calibration was done on the marginal distributions, using raking.
Weights are not normalised, and their sum over the total sample will return estimates of population sizes.
Where the hhweight and/or pweight has a missing value this is because either the sampling information is missing or the sex, age is missing.
Survey instrument
The WHS+ questionnaires were based on the SAGE questionnaires with some modifications and many new modules.
A Household questionnaire was administered to all households eligible for the study.
An Individual questionniare was administered to eligible respondents identified from the household roster by the CAPI programme.
The questionnaires were developed in English. The CAPI template produced by Survey Solution Designer was translated into Khmer.
The English questionnaires are available as external resources.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2023-03-13 | 2023-05-31 |
- Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]
| Name | Affiliation | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Public Health | Ministry of Health | NIPH |
WHS+ fieldwork training was conducted 20-26 February 2023 in Phnom Penh.
The pilot study was conducted on 27 February 2023 in 4 villages: Trapeang Buon; Chamkar; Hangs Chhuk; and Tuol Pongro.
These villages were in Svay commune, in Sameakki Mean Chey district and Kampong Chhnang province.
A debriefing session was held on 28 February 2023 to review the processes and results from the pilot.
There were 12 data collection teams. Each team comprised a supervisor, 3 interviewers and 1 biomarker collector giving a total of 60 personnel.
Data collection was carried out from 13 March to 31 May 2023 with breaks on 11-19 April to observe the Khmer New Year, 2 May and 15 May.
Total of 59 days.
Target sample size was 6072 households.
The implementing agency was the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) within the Ministry of Health.
Throughout the 59 days of data collection, a senior research officer and/or research officer provided supervision for the fieldwork. For the first week of data collection, each data collection team was supervised by at least two NIPH staff members - one for the overall process and one for the health examination component. Following the first week, eight NIPH staff members remained in the field to provide supervision. They visited four data collection sites every day and were available on - call to address any issues that arose.
All issues pertaining to the computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI) programme used for data collection was resolved by WHO HQ.
No protocol violations or respondent/data confidentiality issues were noted.
Data processing
Data editing took place at a number of stages including:
(1) office editing and coding
(2) during data entry
(3) structural checking of the Stata data files
Data Access
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nirmala Naidoo | World Health Organization | https://apps.who.int/healthinfo/systems/surveydata/index.php/collections/WHSPlus | whsplus@who.int |
The user undertakes:
(1) to keep confidential any information concerning individual persons or households.
(2) not to distribute the data to any other user.
(3) to use the data for scientific research only and to be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
(4) to share any planned publications with WHO prior to publication.
(5) to site the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset for any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the Multi-Country Studies Data Archive.
(6) to share an electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data with WHO.
The National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) and the World Health Organization bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
"World Health Organization, World Health Survey Plus Cambodia 2023, Version 1.0 of the public use dataset (January 2025), provided by the Multi-Country Studies Data Archive https://apps.who.int/healthinfo/systems/surveydata/index.php/collections/WHSPlus"
Disclaimer and copyrights
The data is being distributed without warranty of any kind.
The responsibility for the use of the data lies with the user.
In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
© World Health Organization 2025
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nirmala Naidoo | World Health Organization | whsplus@who.int | https://apps.who.int/healthinfo/systems/surveydata/index.php/collections/WHSPlus |
Metadata production
DDI-KHM-WHO-WHSPLUS-2023-V01
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nirmala Naidoo | World Health Organization | Supervision and review of metadata and documentation of study |
| Raghavendra Gowda | World Health Organization | Documentation of metadata |
2023-05-31
Metadata version
Version 1.0 (May 2023)