AIDS´ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome - the late stage of HIV disease. AIDS involves the loss of function of the immune system as CD4 cells are infected and destroyed, allowing the body to succumb to opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis) that are generally not pathogenic in people with intact immune systems.
CIF2 Cost Insurance and Freight - (…named port of destination) the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the cost of freight if necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.
COF Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos (General Spanish Council of Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Associations) - Spanish organization of Pharmaceutical Colleges, which represents all colleges in the national and international forum, develops norms, rules, and professional policy, and acts as the interlocutor with Spanish Ministries.
Diagnostics Laboratory tests used in the diagnosis of infection.
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - first HIV antibody test which requires a machine to measure color change in test wells.
Endemic1 The continuous presence of a disease in a geographic location, community or population.
Epidemic1 An outbreak of a disease within a population. See also pandemic.
EXW2 Ex-works - (... named place) the seller’s only responsibility is to make the goods available at the seller’s premises, i.e., the works or factory. The seller is not responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle provided by the buyer unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears the full costs and risk involved in bringing the goods from there to the desired destination. Ex works represents the minimum obligation of the seller.
FCA (nearest port)2 Free Carrier - (... named place) This term has been designed to meet the requirements of multimodal transport, such as container or roll-on, roll-off traffic by trailers and ferries. It is based on the same name principle as F.O.B. (free on board), except the seller fulfils its obligations when the goods are delivered to the custody of the carrier at the named place. If no precise place can be named at the time of the contract of sale, the parties should refer to the place where the carrier should take the goods into its charge. The risk of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from seller.
FOB2 Free-on-board - (... named port of shipment) Under “F.O.B” the goods are placed on board the ship by the seller at a port of shipment named in the sales agreement. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail (i.e., off the dock and placed on the ship). The seller pays the cost of loading the goods.
Generic medicine3 The term “generic product” has somewhat different meaning in different jurisdictions. In many technical documents, use of this term is avoided, and the term ‘multisource pharmaceutical product’ is used instead. In this document, where the term generic medicine is used, it means a pharmaceutical product usually intended to be interchangeable with the innovator product, which is usually manufactured without a license from the innovator company and marketed after expiry of patent or other exclusivity rights where these have previously existed. Generic products may be marketed either under the non-proprietary approved name or under a new brand (proprietary) name. They may sometimes be marketed in dosage forms and/or strengths different from those of the innovator products.
GMP Good Manufacturing Practice
HAART Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
HDI Human Development Index
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus - a slow-acting retrovirus of the lentivirus family, believed to be the sole or primary cause of AIDS. HIV is transmitted sexually, through blood or vertically (from mother to child). There are 2 known types: HIV-1 and HIV-2.
HIV Test kit There are 3 main types of test for detecting the presence of HIV antibodies: simple/rapid tests, ELISA tests, and confirmatory tests.
International Drug Price Indicator Guide 2003 A joint publication by the World Health Organization and Management Sciences for Health (MSH). Provides a spectrum of prices from non-profit drug suppliers, procurement agencies, and ministries of health, based on their current catalogs or price lists.
ITC International Trade Centre - technical cooperation agency of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) for operational, enterprise-oriented aspects of trade development.
Manufacturing license Granted by national licensing authorities and gives authorization to manufacture a specific product in a specified manufacturing plant.
MSF Médecins Sans Frontières is an international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in more than 80 countries, since 1971.
MSH Management Sciences for Health is a private, nonprofit educational and scientific organization. Since 1971, MSH has worked with its worldwide partners to improve the management of, and access to, public health services.
MTCT Mother-to-child transmission (of HIV)
Opportunistic infection1(OI) An illness caused by a micro-organism that usually does not cause disease in persons with healthy immune systems, but which may cause serious illness when the immune system is suppressed. Common OIs in HIV positive people include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.
Originator [pharmaceutical manufacturers] Manufacturers that produce mainly innovative medicines
Palliative care4 Pain and symptom management, and psycho-social support for persons living with a terminal illness, as well as for their families and caregivers.
Pandemic1 A widespread disease outbreak affecting the population of an extensive area of the world. See also epidemic.
Patents5 A title granted by the public authorities conferring a temporary monopoly for the exploitation of an invention upon the person who reveals it, furnishes a sufficiently clear and full description of it, and claims this monopoly.
PLWA People Living With HIV/AIDS
Protease inhibitor (PI) Type of antiretroviral medicine
Proprietary medicines Medicines that are under patent restrictions belonging to a company, institution, or government.
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Type of ARV medicine. Can be divided into two classes: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) and Non Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)
Simple/rapid test Can generally be carried out in 15 minutes and results are read with the naked eye. They are easy to use and require limited training and little or no equipment, making them particularly suitable for use in Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centres.
The World Bank Group Established in 1944 it is one of the world’s largest sources of development assistance. In Fiscal Year 2003, the institution provided more than US$18.5 billion in loans to its client countries.
TRIPS6 Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
UNAIDS The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) - by the mid-1990s, it became clear that the epidemic’s devastating impact on all aspects of human development, were creating an emergency that would require a greatly expanded United Nations effort. UNAIDS created in 1995 was tasked to coordinate this effort.
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, established in 1964, aims at the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. It is the focal point within the United Nations for the integrated treatment of trade and development and the interrelated issues in the areas of finance, technology, investment and sustainable development.
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund - began operations in 1969. It is the largest international source of population assistance. About a quarter of all population assistance from donor nations to developing countries is channelled through UNFPA.
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund - Created by the United Nations General Assembly in 1946 to help children after World War II in Europe. Headquartered in New York, UNICEF carries out its work through eight regional offices and 126 country offices covering more than 160 countries, territories and areas.
WHO World Health Organization - Founded in 1948, the World Health Organization leads the world alliance for Health for All. WHO promotes technical cooperation for health among nations, carries out programmes to control and eradicate disease and strives to improve the quality of human life.
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization - Founded in 1970, WIPO administers 23 international treaties dealing with different aspects of intellectual property protection.
WTO World Trade Organization - succeeded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), first signed in 1947 by 23 countries and aimed at protecting and regulating international trade. WTO now has 147 members, three quarters of which are developing or least developed countries.
1 AIDS Education Global Information System
2 International Chamber of Commerce
3 World Health Organization. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceu ticals. A compendium of guidelines and related materials. Vol 1, 1997
4 Council on palliative care, Canada
5 Globalization and access to drugs-perspectives on the WTO TRIPS Agreement. Health Economics and Drugs EDM Series 7. WHO, Geneva, 1999
6 http://www.wto.org
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