1. |
The terms “drug”, “medicine”, “pharmaceutical”, and “pharmaceutical product” are used interchangeably, except in Section 2.3, where “pharmaceuticals” is used in its broader sense and includes other products such as vaccines, and biological products. |
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Hogerzeil HV et al. Field test for rational drug use in twelve developing countries. The Lancet, 4 December 1993: 1408 - 1410. |
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The original revised drug strategy was adopted at the 1986 World Health Assembly. See World Health Assembly Resolution 39.27. |
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26. |
World Health Organization. Working In and With Countries. Report by the Director-General. Geneva, Switzerland, 1999 (document reference EB105/7). |
27. |
Further detail for proposed activities can be found in the workplans of the Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy at WHO Headquarters and the Regional Offices. |
28. |
World Health Organization. Guidelines for Developing National Drug Policies. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1988. |
29. |
World Health Organization. Progress of WHO Member States in Developing National Drug Policies and in Revising Essential Drugs Lists. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998 (document reference WHO/DAP/98.7). |
30. |
Poverty and health. Report by the Director-General to the Executive Board. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document reference EB105/5). |
31. |
Speech of Director-General Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland to UN Commission on the Status of Women, New York, 3 March 1999. Accessible at: http://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/english/19990303_un_commission_women.html. |
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World Health Organization. Public - private Roles in the Pharmaceutical Sector. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997 (Health Economics and Drugs DAP Series No. 5. Document reference WHO/DAP/97.12.). |
33. |
World Health Organization. Progress Towards Health for All. Statistics of Member States. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1994 (document reference WHO/HST/GSP/94.1). |
34. |
Rational drug selection is further elaborated in Section 5.4; relevant activities will contribute to meeting both the access objective and the rational use objective. |
35. |
Pécoul B et al. Access to essential drugs in poor countries. A lost battle? Special communication. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999, 281(4): 361 - 367. |
36. |
See also Section 5.4. |
37. |
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World Health Organization. Removing Obstacles to Healthy Development. Report on Infectious Diseases. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document reference WHO/CDS/99.1). |
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41. |
World Health Organization. Global Comparative Pharmaceutical Expenditures with Related Reference Information. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2000 (Health Economics and Drugs EDM Series No. 3. Document reference EDM/PAR/2000.2.). |
42. |
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43. |
World Health Organization. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals. A Compendium of Guidelines and Related Materials. Volume 1. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997. |
44.. |
Opening remarks of Director-General Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland to Brazilian Parliamentary Commission on Investigation of Medicines, Brasilia, 4 April 2000. Accessible at: http://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/2000/20000404_brasilia.html |
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World Health Organization. Essential Drugs Monitor Nos. 25 and 26. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998. |
50. |
Management Sciences for Health/World Health Organization. Managing Drug Supply, 2nd edition. Connecticut, Kumarian Press, 1997. |
51. |
World Health Organization. Operational Principles for Good Pharmaceutical Procurement. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document reference WHO/EDM/PAR/99.5). |
52. |
World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drug Donations. Revised 1999. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document reference WHO/EDM/PAR/99.4). |
53. |
World Health Organization. Guidelines for Safe Disposal of Unwanted Pharmaceuticals in and after Emergencies. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document reference WHO/EDM/PAR/99.2). |
54. |
Keynote address by Director-General Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland to Ninth International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities. Berlin, 27 April 2000. Accessible at: http://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/1999/english/19990427_berlin.html. |
55. |
World Health Organization. Effective Drug Regulation: What Can Countries Do? Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document reference WHO/HTP/EDM/MAC(11)/99.6). |
56. |
World Health Organization. Counterfeit Drugs: Guidelines for the Development of Measures to Combat Counterfeit Drugs. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document reference WHO/EDM/QSM/99.1). |
57. |
World Health Organization. Regulatory Situation of Herbal Medicines: Worldwide Review. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998. |
58. |
World Health Organization. Counterfeit and Substandard Drugs in Myanmar and Vietnam. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999(document reference WHO/EDM/QSM/99.3). |
59. |
World Health Organization. Medical products and the Internet: a Guide to Finding Reliable Information. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (document reference WHO/EDM/QSM/99.4). |
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61. |
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The Uppsala Monitoring Centre website can be found at: http://www.who-umc.org/umc.html. |
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World Health Organization. The Rational Use of Drugs. Report of the Conference of Experts, Nairobi, 25 - 29 November, 1985. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1987. |
64. |
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Framework for containing resistance to antimicrobial drugs. WHO presentation at Infectious Diseases Partners Initial Meeting, US Agency for International Development, Washington DC, 16 - 17 December 1997. |
66. |
GASP, 1997. |
67. |
Laing RO, Hogerzeil HV, Ross-Degnan D. Ten recommendations to promote improved use of medicines in developing countries. Social Science and Medicine, 2000 (submitted). |
68. |
See http://www.who.int/medicines/ for discussion of rational drug use and related research. |
69. |
WHO Drug Information, 1999, 13(4): 249 - 262. |
70. |
De Vries TPGM et al. Impact of a short course in pharmacotherapy for undergraduate medical students. Lancet, 1995, 346: 1454 - 1457. |
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World Health Organization. How to Investigate Drug Use in Communities. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992(DAP Research Series No. 2. Document reference WHO/DAP/92.3.). |
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World Health Organization. WHO Proposed Programme Budget. Geneva, World Health Organization (draft available to Member States; in press). |
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Brudon P, Rainhorn J-D, Reich MR. Indicators for Monitoring National Drug Policies, 2nd edition. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999(document reference WHO/EDM/PAR/99.3). |