Injection Practices in the Developing World - Results and Recommendations from Field Studies in Uganda and Indonesia - EDM Research Series No. 020: 4. The prevalence of injection use in Uganda and Indonesia

Injection Practices in the Developing World - Results and Recommendations from Field Studies in Uganda and Indonesia - EDM Research Series No. 020
(1996; 157 pages)

Índice de contenido

Executive summary
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction
	1.1 Background to the injection practices research
	1.2 Injection practices research: objectives and approach
	1.3 Development of the injection practices research
	1.4 Contents of this report
2. Towards a rapid assessment methodology for injection practices research
	2.1 General considerations regarding methodology
	2.2 Sampling
	2.3 Use of indicators
	2.4 Use of tracer conditions
	2.5 Studying injection providers' practices
	2.6 Conclusion
3. Background: the social and cultural context of injections
	3.1 The prevalence of injection use: a literature review
	3.2 Injection use: explaining their popularity
	3.3 Injections and medical practice
	3.4 Injections and human relations
	3.5 Conclusion
4. The prevalence of injection use in Uganda and Indonesia
	4.1 Health care context in Uganda and Indonesia
	4.2 Prevalence of injection use at the household level
	4.3 Illness-related injection use at the household level
	4.4 Type of injections
	4.5 Injection use by age and sex
	4.6 Source of injections
	4.7 Injection rates at health facilities
	4.8 The distribution channels of injections
	4.9 Conclusion
5. The popularity of injections in Uganda and Indonesia
	5.1 Explaining the popularity of injections
	5.2 Conclusion
6. The appropriateness of injection use in Uganda and Indonesia
	6.1 Medical appropriateness of injection use
		6.1.1 Injection use in actual tracer conditions
		6.1.2 Preferences for injections in tracer conditions
		6.1.3 Popularity of specific medicines in tracer conditions
	6.2 Hygienic appropriateness of injection use
		6.2.1 Hygienic practices in Uganda
		6.2.2 Hygienic practices in Indonesia
	6.3 Conclusion
7. Conclusions and recommendations
	7.1 Summary of conclusions of the injection practices research
	7.2 Recommendations for interventions
		7.2.1 Discussion of the recommendations for interventions
		7.2.2 Next steps
References
Appendix 1: Indicators for injection use and for assessment of hygienic practices
	Appendix 1.A Specific research questions³⁵
	Appendix 1.B Indicators³⁶
	Appendix 1.C Revised/simplified WHO-Guidelines for evaluating the hygienic aspects of injection administration³⁷
Appendix 2: Methods applied in the injection practices research
	Appendix 2.A Overview and assessment of user-oriented methods
	Appendix 2.B Overview and assessment of provider-oriented methods
Appendix 3: Tools used in the injection practices research
	Appendix 3.A Household survey Uganda
	Appendix 3.B Household survey Indonesia
	Appendix 3.C Questionnaire for providers Indonesia
	Appendix 3.D Treatment form for providers Uganda
	Appendix 3.E Form for patient chart review, Indonesia
	Appendix 3.F Questionnaire for exit interviews at health facilities, Indonesia
	Appendix 3.G Standards for hygienic assessment Uganda

4. The prevalence of injection use in Uganda and Indonesia

In this chapter the data on the prevalence of injection use in Uganda and Indonesia are presented. First, a brief overview of the health care context in Uganda and Indonesia is given. More information can be found in the country reports¹⁵. The results of the study are presented following the indicators described in Chapter 2.2. When appropriate, the results of the study in Thailand (WHO/DAP/94.8) where similar indicators were used are included.

¹⁵Indonesia: Salan, R. & Murad J., 1994, Injection Practice Research in Indonesia. Jakarta: National Institute for Health Research and Development, unpublished report.

Uganda: Birungi H, Asiimwe D, Whyte SR. 1994, Injection Use and Practices in Uganda. Geneva: WHO/DAP/94.18.

For the data gathered in the household questionnaires, statistical significance tests (Chi Square) are performed when appropriate¹⁶.

¹⁶Results are called statistically significant when p=0.05. When results are highly significant, this is indicated by (*p=0.01) and (**p=0.001).