³⁵Injection practices research, WHO/DAP/92. 9: 9-11.

During the first workshop of the Injection Practices Research (1990), the following research questions were formulated:

Concerning the types of health care providers administering injections:

1a - Which health care institutions and which practitioners are administering injections in a certain region?

1b - Which institutions and practitioners - both formal and informal - are most often visited by people for injections?

Concerning the distribution channels of injections:

2a - Where do the institutions and practitioners obtain the injections that they administer to patients? Do they obtain the injections from a government source, or from the commercial private sector?

Concerning the indications for which injections are generally used:

3a - What are the main indications for which the health care providers are administering injections?

3b - What are the disorders for which people seek injection treatment?

3c - Why are injections chosen for these indications?

Concerning the appropriateness of injection use:

4a - To what extent do people use injections to treat tracer conditions, defined as:

• cough and common cold in any age

• acute diarrhoea, less than five watery stools per day, in children under five and an additional three indications identified by the country teams, which do not warrant injection treatment?

4b - Why are injections administered in the above five tracer conditions, while their use is not medically justified?

4c - Which types of injections are used in the treatment of the five tracer conditions?

4d - To what extent are injections administered in sub-standard hygienic conditions?

Concerning the reputed efficacy of injection use:

5a - What is the expected effect/or experienced effect of the injectable medication?

If appropriate:

5b - Why did the provider choose an injection instead of an oral medication?

5c - Why did the user prefer an injection instead of an oral medication?

5d - Why are injections administered in an unhygienic manner? Do people lack training? Do they lack resources?