DATA FROM 1999 WORLD DRUG SURVEY

Country

Regulation of promotion

Quality control of medicines

Public finance

EML last update

Av no. medicines on EML

% total purchases by competitive tender

Price regulation

National list of registered drugs

Law on promotion

Date

Requirements for registration

Samples for testing taken during:

Testing at:

Drugs are covered in public insurance

Generic substitution public (1)

International tender

National tender

Public proc.
Limited to drugs in EML

STG last year of update

Prescribers and dispensers

1=yes

Proof GMP (1); Proof of registration in other country (2); Others (3)

Inspection of manuf (1); Public proc (2); Drug registration (3); Inspection of retail outlet (4); No sampling (5)

Nat’l lab (1); academic inst. (2); priv. lab (3); other country (4)

1=yes; 0=no

public (1); private (2)

1=yes

Essential drug part of curricula: medicine (1), nursing (2), pharmacy (3); Pharm aides (4)

Regulate manuf. ex.fact.price (1); Max retail markup (2); Max wholesale markup (3); None (4)

1=yes; 2=no

Afghanistan

1

1980

1

1

12

1995

356

0

1996

1

2

1

Albania

1

1998

123

134

14

1

12

2000

295

0

123

23

Algeria

1

1992

12

3

1

12

1997

1100

1

1986

1

23

Andorra

Angola

0

0

4

0

1977

0

1986

12

23

2

Antigua and Barbuda

1994

Argentina

1

1964

12

134

1

1

3

1988

70

50

0

1989

4

1

Armenia

0

12

1234

1

0

12

1998

278

1

1998

13

Australia

1

1998

13

12

13

1

12

1999

531

0

100

1

1999

1234

123

1

Austria

0

12

34

1

3

13

123

1

Azerbaijan

1995

Bahamas

0

12

2

1

12

1998

807

100

0

1234

4

2

Bahrain

1

1997

123

134

1

1

1

1997

1800

45

60

1

123

1

Bangladesh

1

1982

2

1234

4

0

12

1982

150

1

1987

1234

2

1

Barbados

1

1969

123

24

4

0

12

1998

1200

95

5

1

123

3

2

Belarus

1

1997

123

3

1

0

12

1998

400

0

1234

123

1

Belgium

Belize

0

3

2

12

1997

70

30

1

3

4

2

Benin

1

1975

12

123

4

0

1

1997

220

100

0

12

123

1

Bhutan

0

12

2

0

12

1997

337

90

1

1998

24

2

2

Bolivia

1

1997

12

134

14

1

12

1998

252

20

80

0

1996

13

4

1

Bosnia and Herzegovina

1995

Botswana

1

1992

123

1234

14

1

12

1992

520

100

1

1998

234

4

1

Brazil

1

1999

12

1

1999

305

1989

3

2

1

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

1

1995

123

1234

1

1

12

1997

241

1

1995

13

123

1

Burkina Faso

1

1998

123

4

12

1997

227

50

50

1

1984

1234

1

1

Burundi

0

0

1

12

1994

500

100

1

1989

4

2

Cambodia

1

1994

13

234

1

0

12

1997

274

100

1

1994

3

4

1

Cameroon

1995

1993

Canada

1

1

1

12

2000

0

1

1

Cape Verde

1

1993

12

1

0

12

1998

641

12

42

1

1993

24

2

2

Central African Republic

0

123

3

4

0

12

1996

222

1

12

4

1

Central America

Chad

1

1965

3

2

0

3

1996

270

100

2

1

1998

2

4

1

Chile

1996

China

1

1985

123

1234

1

1

1

1998

1842

15

85

0

13

123

1

Colombia

1990

1991

Comoros

0

0

3

1998

0

2

1

Congo

1

1933

123

1234

234

0

3

1982

186

0

123

123

1

Cook Islands

0

3

0

4

12

1997

344

100

0

123

4

Costa Rica

1

1994

1

234

1

1

2

1997

583

100

1

1997

3

4

1

Côte d’Ivoire

1

1998

12

23

124

1

12

1997

137

80

10

1

1997

13

123

1

Croatia

1

1997

123

1234

1

1

3

1998

1366

100

0

1998

13

3

1

Cuba

0

12

1

1

3

1994

904

1

1994

123

1

Cyprus

1

1960

123

234

14

0

1

1996

1000

100

0

123

1

Czech Republic

0

1

124

1

1

3

2000

0

123

1

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

1991

Democratic Republic of the Congo

1979

Denmark

Djibouti

0

12

1977

412

2

4

2

Dominica

0

0

4

1

12

1998

350

80

1

3

4

Dominican Republic

1

1998

13

23

13

0

12

1997

100

0

1998

3

12

1

Ecuador

1

1974

23

0

1

1

12

1996

306

20

80

0

1996

123

12

1

Egypt

1

1994

12

134

12

1

12

1998

35

0

13

3

1

El Salvador

1

1988

12

1234

134

1

2

1991

5

95

0

1993

1

4

1

Equatorial Guinea

1

1991

24

1

12

1996

134

1

23

2

Eritrea

1

1993

123

24

14

0

12

1996

313

99

1

1

1999

24

23

2

Estonia

1

1994

12

134

1

1

2

2000

179

1

1998

1

Ethiopia

1989

1998

Fiji

1

1985

2

0

1

1996

450

100

1

123

23

2

Finland

1

1998

1

14

1

1

3

0

1998

1

France

1

1994

13

1234

1

1

1994

1

French West Africa

Gabon

1

1995

123

234

4

3

1997

184

80

20

0

12

1

Gambia

1

1984

2

0

1

1997

250

100

1

1998

2

4

1

Georgia

1

1996

123

3

1

0

12

1999

253

3

0

1995

4

1

Germany

1

13

124

1

1

3

0

4

1

Ghana

1996

1995

Greece

1

1993

12

1234

123

1

3

1998

3280

1

1995

1

123

1

Grenada

1

1986

1

1998

271

90

0

4

2

Guatemala

1

1997

123

123

1

1

3

1994

470

100

0

1994

3

4

1

Guinea

1

1984

123

3

12

0

12

1996

165

70

30

1

13

123

1

Guinea-Bissau

1990

1990

Guyana

1997

Haiti

1

1999

3

0

0

1

1996

155

90

10

0

1998

4

1

Honduras

1

1994

123

23

34

1

12

1997

365

100

1

1998

13

23

1

Hungary

1

1997

1

134

1

1

2

1997

750

1

0

1997

23

1

Iceland

1

1995

123

134

24

1

12

40

0

1997

23

1

India

1

1

3

1

1

3

1998

350

0

1

2

1

Indonesia

1

1971

12

1234

1

1

1

1998

487

100

1

1997

1

12

1

Iran, Islamic Republic of

0

123

14

1

1

1998

1483

7

93

1

23

1

Iraq

1

1998

123

123

1

12

1996

1773

80

20

1

1990

1234

2

1

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

1

1964

12

1234

14

0

12

1998

494

98

1

4

1

Japan

1

1983

1

1234

1

1

3

0

1234

1

1

Jordan

0

123

1234

1

1

1

1998

325

42

58

0

1234

23

1

Kazakhstan

1995

Kenya

1

1983

23

2

0

12

1993

330

91

8

1

1994

1234

1

Kiribati

0

12

2

1

1998

240

80

1

123

4

2

Kuwait

1996

1993

Kyrgyzstan

2000

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

1

1997

12

1234

1

0

12

1997

365

100

1

1998

34

4

1

Latvia

1

1995

12

1234

1

1

12

1994

257

100

0

1996

13

23

1

Lebanon

0

3

1234

1

1

1992

370

3

96

0

13

23

1

Lesotho

0

3

124

4

12

1990

256

0

1986

23

4

Liberia

1

1998

123

34

4

1

1998

149

1

1993

34

4

1

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

1

1972

12

234

124

1

12

1997

911

100

1

1234

12

1

Lithuania

2000

Luxembourg

Madagascar

0

123

23

4

12

1995

245

100

1

1994

1

1

1

Malawi

1995

Malaysia

1

1953

123

1234

12

2

1

1989

450

0

4

1

Maldives

1

1993

12

4

4

0

3

1998

247

0

24

2

2

Mali

1

1986

12

134

1

2

1997

333

80

1

1995

2

4

1

Malta

Marshall Islands

0

0

4

1

12

100

0

13

4

2

Mauritania

Mauritius

1

1985

123

1234

234

0

1

1992

650

95

5

1

1997

1234

123

1

Mexico

1

1993

123

124

123

1

2

1998

776

1

123

1

Micronesia, Federated States of

0

4

4

0

12

1995

10

90

1

1234

4

2

Monaco

1

1997

12

12

4

3

0

3

2

Mongolia

1

1998

12

134

1

1

12

1996

6000

0

1994

3

4

2

Morocco

1991

Mozambique

1

1997

12

12

1

0

12

1984

480

100

1

1987

1234

2

2

Myanmar

1

1954

12

3

1

12

1998

184

1

1998

1234

4

1

Namibia

1

1965

123

0

4

1

1

1996

585

100

1

1994

4

4

1

Nauru

0

2

0

34

0

12

0

3

4

2

Nepal

1

1978

13

134

14

1

1997

262

85

1

1996

3

4

1

Netherlands

1

1963

3

14

1

1

12

1998

1234

3

1

New Zealand

1

1984

13

12346

3

1

12

1994

100

0

1998

1

1

Nicaragua

1

1998

123

1234

12

0

12

1998

348

100

100

1

1998

13

23

1

Niger

1994

1994

Nigeria

1

1993

123

1234

1

12

1996

448

10

90

1

1989

34

4

1

Niue

1

2

1

4

0

1

1998

277

100

1

123

2

1

Norway

1

1994

13

1

1

3

2000

0

1998

12

1

Oman

0

123

1234

14

0

1

1995

870

58

42

1

4

4

1

Pakistan

1

1976

123

124

1

1

12

1996

470

80

0

1993

2

1

Palau

0

2

0

4

1

1

1998

400

10

1

24

4

Panama

1

1992

12

1234

1

1

1

1993

216

100

0

4

1

Papua New Guinea

0

12

2

0

12

1996

379

100

1

1234

1

2

Paraguay

1

1997

2

3

2

0

3

0

2

1

Peru

1

1997

12

124

13

1

12

1998

459

1

4

1

Philippines

1

12

1234

12

1

12

1997

517

1

1989

1

4

1

Poland

1995

Portugal

1

1994

13

12

1

3

0

1998

13

123

1

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

1

1997

12

1234

1

1

12

1996

209

1

1997

1234

23

1

Romania

1

1994

12

1234

1

1

12

1994

2348

40

60

0

13

123

1

Russian Federation

2000

Rwanda

1

1998

23

14

34

0

12

1998

134

100

1

23

4

1

Saint Kitts and Nevis

0

12

2

12

1998

250

90

1

2

Saint Lucia

1994

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

0

2

4

12

1994

100

0

3

4

2

Samoa

0

3

0

4

0

1

1998

1

123

1

2

San Marino

São Tomé and Principe

Saudi Arabia

1989

Senegal

1

1954

1

3

1

12

1998

100

1

1992

123

1

Seychelles

1988

1988

Sierra Leone

1992

Singapore

1

1985

123

1234

13

1

12

1998

603

8

92

0

1998

123

4

1

Slovakia

1

1997

1

134

1

1

3

1994

800

70

30

1

1997

13

1

1

Slovenia

1

1997

123

234

1

1

12

1996

0

3

1

Solomon Islands

1

1960

34

1

1

1996

350

100

1

1988

234

4

2

Somalia

South Africa

1

1998

1

1234

2

1

12

1998

750

95

0

1998

1234

4

1

Spain

1

1990

12

1234

1

1

12

13

123

1

Sri Lanka

1

13

23

1

1

1998

90

0

1994

123

2

1

Sudan

1

1978

123

1234

1

1

12

1995

792

52

48

1

1991

23

1

Suriname

0

23

3

1

1

12

1997

300

90

10

0

1998

4

4

1

Swaziland

1

1998

2

0

1

1998

350

100

1

1989

2

4

2

Sweden

1

1993

1

123

134

1

2000

0

1998

12

1

1

Switzerland

1

1995

13

123

13

1

12

0

1998

23

1

Syrian Arab Republic

1

1965

12

1234

1

3

1998

750

1

1998

1234

1

Tajikistan

2000

Thailand

1

1987

123

1234

1

1

12

1993

377

0

1998

1234

1

1

Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of

1

1998

123

134

4

1

12

2000

0

3

123

1

Togo

1

1996

1

3

1

0

1

1995

155

90

10

1

1993

123

23

1

Tonga

0

1

0

12

1996

420

100

1

4

2

Trinidad and Tobago

1

12

3

14

1

1998

988

100

1

23

1

Tunisia

1

1990

12

1234

1

1

1

1991

40

0

123

1

Turkey

1

1990

12

23

1

1

1995

123

1

Turkmenistan

2000

Tuvalu

0

0

3

100

0

4

2

Uganda

1

1993

123

347

12

0

12

1996

335

90

10

1

1993

1234

4

1

Ukraine

1996

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of Tanzania

1991

1991

United States of America

1

1997

3

12

12

12

1998

4

1

Uruguay

1980

Uzbekistan

1996

Vanuatu

1981

Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of

1

1998

1

13

1

1

3

1993

896

100

0

1993

3

23

1

Viet Nam

1

1997

12

1234

1

1

12

1998

325

1

1995

1234

4

1

Yemen

1

1999

12

1234

14

0

12

1996

280

1

1996

1234

2

1

Yugoslavia

1

1993

12

134

12

1

12

1998

535

100

0

1

123

1

Zambia

1990

1990

Zimbabwe

1

1998

123

1234

1

12

1994

592

40

60

1

1998

1234

4

1

*6/2/03