Utilizing TRIPS Flexibilities for Public Health Protection Through South-South Regional Frameworks: ABBREVIATIONS

Utilizing TRIPS Flexibilities for Public Health Protection Through South-South Regional Frameworks
(2004; 110 pages)

Table of Contents

THE SOUTH CENTRE
PREFACE
ABBREVIATIONS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. INTRODUCTION
	I.1 The Rationale for and Scope of the Study
	I.2 The Study Process and Methodology
	I.3 Parts of the Study
II. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL MEDICINES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
	II.1. An Overview of Public Health-related TRIPS Flexibilities
		II.1.1 Compulsory Licensing
		II.1.2 Parallel Imports and Exhaustion of Rights
		II.1.3 Limitation on the Grant of New Use Pharmaceutical Patents
		II.1.4 Research and the Early Working Exceptions
		II.1.5 Limiting the Extent of Test Data Protection
		II.1.6 Control of Anti-Competitive Practices and Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights
III. CONSTRAINTS ON NATIONAL EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT TRIPS FLEXIBILITIES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PURPOSES
	III.1 Lack of Technical Expertise to Incorporate and Implement TRIPS Flexibilities in National Law and Policy
	III.2 Insufficient Domestic Research and Manufacturing Capacities in the Pharmaceutical Sector
	III.3 Insufficient Technical and Infrastructural Capacities for Medicines Regulation
	III.4 Difficulties in Establishing Efficient Pharmaceutical Management and Procurement Systems
	III.5 Bilateral and other TRIPS-plus Pressures
	III.6 Difficulties in Tackling Anti-Competitive Practices and Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights
IV. OVERCOMING CONSTRAINTS IN THE USE OF TRIPS FLEXIBILITIES THROUGH SOUTH-SOUTH REGIONAL FRAMEWORKS
	IV.1 Relevant Regional Frameworks
	IV.2 Regional Approaches to Use of TRIPS flexibilities for Public Health
		IV.2.1 Developing Local Technical Expertise on the Use of TRIPS Flexibilities
		IV.2.2 Addressing the Problem of Insufficient Research and Manufacturing Capacities in the Pharmaceutical Sector
		IV.2.3 Developing Technical and Infrastructural Capabilities for Medicines Regulation
		IV.2.4 Establishing Efficient Pharmaceutical Management and Procurement Systems
		IV.2.5 Resisting Bilateral and other TRIPS-plus Pressures
		IV.2.6 Regional Competition Enforcement Mechanisms
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
	V.1 Summary of Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BACK COVER

ABBREVIATIONS

ACTRIPS	Advisory Council on Trade-Related Innovation Policies
ADF	African Development Fund
AEC	African Economic Community
AICO	ASEAN Industrial Cooperation
AIDS	Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
ARV	Antiretroviral
AZT	Azidothymidine
BMS	Bristol-Myers Squibb
CBO	Community-based organization
CCH	Caribbean Cooperation in Health
ECG	Expert Consultative Group
EDL	Essential Drugs List
EDM	Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy Department, WHO
FORMED	Revolving Fund for Essential Drugs for Central America and Panama
FTAA	Free Trade Area of the Americas
GDP	Gross domestic product
GMP	Good manufacturing practices
HIV	Human immuno-deficiency virus
ICESCR	International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICH	International Conference on Harmonization
LAFTA	Latin American Free Trade Association
MSF	Médecins Sans Frontières
MSH	Management Sciences of Health
NIHCM	National Institute of Health Care Research and Educational Foundation
NGO	Non-governmental organization
PPS	Pharmaceutical Procurement Service
R&D	research and development
REC	Regional Economic Community
SEATINI	Southern and Eastern African Trade Information and Negotiations Institute
STG	standard treatment guidelines
TF	Task Force
TRIPS	Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TWN	Third World Network
UDHR	Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UK	United Kingdom
USPTO	United States Patent and Trademark Office
USTR	United States Trade Representative

Organizations

ACAME	African Association of Central Medical Stores for Generic Essential Drugs
ADB	African Development Bank
AMU	Arab Maghreb Union
ASEAN	Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ARIPO	African Regional Intellectual Property Organization
AU	African Union
CACM	Central American Common Market
CARICOM	Caribbean Community
CEMAC	Central African Economic and Monetary Community
COMESA	Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CRHCS	Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat
EAC	East African Community
ECDS	Eastern Caribbean Drug Service
ECOWAS	Economic Community of West African States
ESARIPO	Industrial Property Organization for English-speaking Africa
EU	European Union
GCC	Gulf Cooperation Council
MERCOSUR	Common Southern Market
OAMPI	African and Malagasy Office for Industrial Property
OAPI	African Intellectual Property Organization
OAU	Organization of African Unity
OECS	Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
PAHO	Pan-American Health Organization
SAARC	South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SACU	South Africa Customs Union
SADC	Southern African Development Community
UEMOA	West African Economic and Monetary Union
UNAIDS	UN Joint Programme on AIDS
UNCTAD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNIDO	United Nations Industrial and Development Organization
WHO	World Health Organization
WIPO	World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO	World Trade Organization