Although many gaps remain in our knowledge, a summary of what is known concerning core policies, strategies and interventions to promote more rational use of medicines is presented in the following sections and summarized in Box 4.
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Box 4 Twelve core interventions to promote more rational use of medicines
1. A mandated multi-disciplinary national body to coordinate medicine use policies
2. Clinical guidelines
3. Essential medicines list based on treatments of choice
4. Drugs and therapeutics committees in districts and hospitals
5. Problem-based pharmacotherapy training in undergraduate curricula
6. Continuing in-service medical education as a licensure requirement
7. Supervision, audit and feedback
8. independent information on medicines
9. Public education about medicines
10. Avoidance of perverse financial incentives
11. Appropriate and enforced regulation
12. Sufficient government expenditure to ensure availability of medicines and staff
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