Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals - A Compendium of Guidelines and Related Materials - Volume 1: 2. Product assessment and registration: Stability of drug dosage forms 1 : 5. Less stable drug substances

Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals - A Compendium of Guidelines and Related Materials - Volume 1
(1997; 248 pages) [French]

Table of Contents

Introduction
	National drug regulation
	Product assessment and registration
	Good manufacturing practices and inspection
	Distribution
	The international pharmacopoeia and related activities
	Basic tests
	Laboratory services
	International trade in pharmaceuticals
	Counterfeit products
	Training
	Conclusion
1. National drug regulation
	Guiding principles for small national drug regulatory authorities^1,2
		1. General considerations
			1.1 The scope of drug control
			1.2 Basic responsibilities
			1.3 Licensing functions
			1.4 Product licences
			1.5 Manufacturers’ and distributors’ licences
			1.6 New drug assessments
			1.7 Authorization of clinical trials
			1.8 Terms of reference of the regulatory authority
			1.9 Powers of enforcement
			1.10 Technical competence
			1.11 Advisory bodies
			1.12 Independence of operation
		2. Administrative aspects of the licensing process
			2.1 Provisional registration of existing medicinal products
			2.2 Screening of provisionally registered products
			2.3 New product licences
			2.4 Renewal and variation of licences
		3. Technical aspects of the licensing process
			3.1 General considerations
			3.2 Products containing long-established chemical entities
			3.3 Products containing new chemical entities
			3.4 Herbal products
			3.5 Combinations of potent, therapeutically active substances
			3.6 Generic products
2. Product assessment and registration
	Guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines^1,2
	Stability of drug dosage forms¹
		1. Introduction
		2. General considerations
		3. Responsibility of parties involved in the assurance of drug stability
			3.1 Manufacturers
			3.2 Drug regulatory authorities
			3.3 Procurement agencies
			3.4 Pharmacists and other workers in the supply system
		4. Use of terms
		5. Less stable drug substances
		References
	Guidelines for stability testing of pharmaceutical products containing well established drug substances in conventional dosage forms¹
		General
		Definitions
		1. Stability testing
		2. Intended market
		3. Design of stability studies
		4. Analytical methods
		5. Stability report
		6. Shelf-life and recommended storage conditions
		References
		Official, international and national guidelines
		Appendix 1. Survey on the stability of pharmaceutical preparations included in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs: answer sheet
		Appendix 2. Stability testing: summary sheet
	Multisource (generic) pharmaceutical products: guidelines on registration requirements to establish interchangeability¹
		Introduction
		Glossary
		Part One. Regulatory assessment of interchangeable multisource pharmaceutical products
			1. General considerations
			2. Multisource products and interchangeability
			3. Technical data for regulatory assessment
			4. Product information and promotion
			5. Collaboration between drug regulatory authorities
			6. Exchange of evaluation reports
		Part Two. Equivalence studies needed for marketing authorization
			7. Documentation of equivalence for marketing authorization
			8. When equivalence studies are not necessary
			9. When equivalence studies are necessary and types of studies required
		Part Three. Tests for equivalence
			10. Bioequivalence studies in humans
			11. Pharmacodynamic studies
			12. Clinical trials
			13. In vitro dissolution
		Part Four. In vitro dissolution tests in product development and quality control
		Part Five. Clinically important variations in bioavailability leading to non-approval of the product
		Part Six. Studies needed to support new post-marketing manufacturing conditions
		Part Seven. Choice of reference product
		Authors
		References
		Appendix 1. Examples of national requirements for in vivo equivalence studies for drugs included in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs (Canada, Germany and the USA, December 1994)
		Appendix 2. Explanation of symbols used in the design of bioequivalence studies in humans, and commonly used pharmacokinetic abbreviations
		Appendix 3. Technical aspects of bioequivalence statistics
3. Distribution
	Quality assurance in pharmaceutical supply systems¹
		1. Introduction and general considerations
		2. Elements of quality assessment and assurance
			2.1 Legal base
			2.2 Regulatory elements
			2.3 Technical elements
		3. Pre-marketing quality assessment
			3.1 Drug notification, authorization and registration
			3.2 Drug nomenclature
		4. Drug quality surveillance during marketing
			4.1 Quality surveillance during manufacture
			4.2 Quality surveillance of imported drugs
			4.3 Quality surveillance during distribution
		References
4. The international pharmacopoeia and related activities
	Guidance for those preparing or commenting on monographs for preparations to be included in The international pharmacopoeia¹
	Validation of analytical procedures used in the examination of pharmaceutical materials¹
	General guidelines for the establishment, maintenance, and distribution of chemical reference substances¹
		1. Criteria for determining the need for the establishment of chemical reference substances
		2. Evaluation of reference substances
		3. Chemical and physical methods used in evaluating reference substances
			3.1 Methods useful for verifying the identity of reference substances
			3.2 Purity requirements for reference substances
			3.3 Methods used in determining the purity of reference substances
		4. Handling and distribution of reference substances
			4.1 Packing and storage
			4.2 Stability and periodic re-evaluation
			4.3 Information to be supplied with reference substances
			4.4 Expiry of reference substances
			4.5 Distribution problems
		5. Reference materials calibrated against International Chemical Reference Substances
		6. Means of promoting effective exchange of information and ensuring cooperation between organizations establishing reference substances
	General recommendations for the preparation and use of infrared spectra in pharmaceutical analysis¹
	List of available International Chemical Reference Substances¹
	List of available International Infrared Reference Spectra¹
5. Basic tests
	Collaboration within the basic test programme¹
6. Laboratory services
	National laboratories for drug quality surveillance and control¹
		1. Introduction
		2. First-stage laboratory for drug surveillance
		3. Medium-size drug control laboratory
			3.1 Capability
			3.2 Premises
			3.3 Staff
			3.4 Equipment
		4. Scope of activity
		5. Factors influencing the size and location of a laboratory
		6. Implementation of control laboratory projects
			6.1 Feasibility study
			6.2 Phasing of development
			6.3 Programme support
	Good laboratory practices in governmental drug control laboratories¹
		1. General
		2. Management and operational issues
			2.1 Organizational structure
			2.2 Staffing
			2.3 Incoming samples
			2.4 Analytical worksheet
			2.5 Testing
			2.6 Evaluation of test results
			2.7 Retention samples
			2.8 Specifications repertory
			2.9 Reagents
			2.10 Reference materials
			2.11 Instruments and their calibration
			2.12 Safety in drug control laboratories
		References
	Sampling procedure for industrially manufactured pharmaceuticals¹
		1. General considerations
			1.1 Purpose of sampling
			1.2 Types of controls
			1.3 Classes and types of materials
			1.4 Parties concerned with sampling procedures
		2. Use of terms
			2.1 Sampling operations
			2.2 Samples
			2.3 Quantities of material
			2.4 Personnel
		3. General precautions to be taken during sampling operations
		4. Packaging and labelling of samples
		5. Sampling during pharmaceutical inspections
		6. Sampling of pharmaceutical dosage forms in regular surveillance programmes on drug quality during marketing
		7. Sampling of pharmaceutical dosage forms for acceptance of consignments
		8. Sampling of starting materials
			8.1 General considerations
			8.2 Sampling plans for consignments of starting materials supplied in several sampling units
7. International trade in pharmaceuticals
	Guidelines for implementation of the WHO Certification Scheme on the Quality of Pharmaceutical Products Moving in International Commerce¹
		1. Provisions and objectives
		2. Eligibility for participation
		3. Requesting a certificate
		4. Issuing a certificate
		5. Notifying and investigating a quality defect
		References
		Appendix 1. Model Certificate of a Pharmaceutical Product
		Appendix 2. Model Statement of Licensing Status of Pharmaceutical Product(s)
		Appendix 3. Model Batch Certificate of a Pharmaceutical Product
		Appendix 4. Glossary and index
	World Health Assembly resolution WHA50.3: Guidelines on the WHO Certification Scheme on the Quality of Pharmaceutical Products Moving in International Commerce
	Guidelines on import procedures for pharmaceutical products¹
8. Counterfeit products
	Observations and recommendations on counterfeit drugs^1,2
9. Training
	Training programme in drug analysis^1,2
	Places of training in drug quality control offered by the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations¹
Selected WHO publications of related interest
Back cover

5. Less stable drug substances

The experimental conditions used to compile this list of less stable substances were the following: initial exposure for 30 days to air at 50 °C and 100% humidity; if no degradation was demonstrable after this time, the temperature was raised to 70 °C for a further period of 3 - 7 days. All other factors being equal, finished products containing the following substances require particular attention from the stability viewpoint.¹

¹ For the report of the study on which this list is based, see Accelerated stability studies of widely used pharmaceutical substances under simulated tropical conditions. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1986 (unpublished document WHO/PHARM/86.529; available oh request from Quality Assurance, Division of Drug Management and Policies, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).

acetylsalicylic acid
aminophylline
amitriptyline hydrochloride
ammonium chloride
amphotericin B
ampicillin sodium
ampicillin trihydrate
antimony sodium tartrate
ascorbic acid

bacitracin
bacitracin zinc
benzathine benzylpenicillin
benzylpenicillin potassium
benzylpenicillin sodium
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate

calcium gluconate
calcium para-aminosalicylate
carbenicillin sodium
cefalexin
chloral hydrate
chloramphenicol sodium succinate
chlorphenamine hydrogen maleate
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
chlortetracycline hydrochloride
cloxacillin sodium (monohydrate)
codeine phosphate
colecalciferol

dapsone
dexamethasone sodium phosphate
dicloxacillin sodium (monohydrate)
diethylcarbamazine dihydrogen citrate
doxycycline hyclate

emetine hydrochloride
ephedrine
ephedrine sulfate
epinephrine
epinephrine hydrogen tartrate
ergocalciferol
ergometrine hydrogen maleate
ergotamine maleate
ergotamine tartrate
ethosuximide
ethylmorphine hydrochloride

ferrous sulfate
fluphenazine decanoate
fluphenazine hydrochloride
formaldehyde solution

gentamicin sulfate
guanethidine sulfate

hexylresorcinol
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydrocortisone sodium succinate
hydroxocobalamin
hyoscyamine sulfate

imipramine hydrochloride
ipecacuanha powder
isoprenaline hydrochloride
isoprenaline sulfate

lidocaine hydrochloride

melarsoprol
mercuric oxide yellow
metrifonate

naloxone hydrochloride
neomycin sulfate
nystatin

orciprenaline sulfate
oxytetracyline hydrochloride

paromomycin sulfate
penicillamine
pethidine hydrochloride
phenobarbital sodium
phenoxymethylpenicillin
phenoxymethylpenicillin calcium
phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium
phentolamine mesilate
phenylbutazone
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine nitrate
procainamide hydrochloride
procaine benzylpenicillin
procaine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride
promazine hydrochloride
promethazine hydrochloride
pyridoxine hydrochloride

quinine bisulfate
quinine dihydrochloride

retinol (vitamin A)

salbutamol sulfate
senna leaf
silver nitrate
sodium calcium edetate
sodium lactate
sodium nitrite
sodium para-aminosalicylate
sodium stibogluconate
sulfacetamide sodium
sulfadiazine sodium
sulfadimidine sodium
suxamethonium chloride

tetracaine hydrochloride
tetracycline hydrochloride
thiamine hydrochloride
thiamine mononitrate
thiopental sodium
tolbutamide

undecylenic acid

warfarin sodium