STEM

DEFINITION

substem, if available

-ac

anti-inflammatory agents, ibufenac derivatives

-actide

synthetic polypeptides with a corticotropin-like action

-adol or -adol-

analgesics

-adom

analgesics, tifluadom derivatives

-afenone

antiarrhythmics, propafenone derivatives

-aj-

antiarrhythmics, ajmaline derivatives

-aldrate

antacids, aluminium salts

-alox

antacids, aluminium derivatives

-amivir

see vir

andr or -stan- or -ster-

steroids, androgens

-anserin

serotonin receptor antagonists (mostly 5-HT₂)

-antel

anthelminthics (undefined group)

-apine

see -pine

-arabine

arabinofuranosyl derivatives

-arit

antiarthritic substances, acting like clobuzarit and lobenzarit (mechanism different from anti-inflammatory type substances, e.g. -fenamates or -profens)

-arol

anticoagulants, dicoumarol derivatives

arte-

antimalarial agents, artemisinin related compounds

-ase

enzymes;

-dismase (superoxide dismutase activity),

-pase (lipase)

-teplase (tissue plasminogen activators),

-uplase (urokinase-type-plasminogen activators)

-ast

antiasthmatic, antiallergics, not acting primarily as antihistaminics;

-lukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist);

-trodast (thromboxane A₂ receptor antagonists, antiasthmatics)

-astine

antihistaminics

-azenil

benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (benzodiazepine derivatives)

-azepam

diazepam derivatives

-azepide

cholecystokinin receptor antagonist

-azocine

narcotic antagonists/agonsists related to 6,7-benzomorphan

-azoline

antihistaminics or local vasoconstrictors, antazoline derivatives

-azosin

antihypertensive substances, prazosin derivatives

-bactam

b-lactamase inhibitors

-bamate

tranquillizers, propanediol and pentanediol derivatives

barb

hypnotics, barbituric acid derivatives

-bendazole

anthelminthics, tiabendazole derivatives

bol

anabolic steroids

-bradine

bradycardic agents

-buzone

anti-inflammatory analgesics, phenylbutazone derivatives

-cain-

Class I antiarrhythmics, procainamide and lidocaine derivatives (antifibrillants with local anaesthetic activity)

-caine

local anaesthetics

calci

Vitamin D analogues/derivatives

-carbef

antibiotics, carbacepham derivatives

-carnil

benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (carboline derivatives)

-cavir

see vir

cef-

antibiotics, cefalosporanic acid derivatives

cell- or cel- or -cell-

cellulose derivatives

cell-ate (cellulose ester derivatives);

-cellose (cellulose ether derivatives)

-cic

hepatoprotective substances with a carboxylic acid group

-cidin

naturally occurring antibiotics (undefined group)

-cillin

antibiotics, 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives

-citabine

nucleoside antiviral or antineoplastic agents, cytarabine or azarabine derivatives

-clone

hypnotic tranquillizers

-cog

blood coagulation factors;

(-)eptacog (blood coagulation VII);

(-)octocog (blood coagulation factor VIII);

(-)nonacog (blood coagulation factor IX)

-conazole

systemic antifungal agents, miconazole derivatives

cort

corticosteroids, except prednisolone derivatives

-crinat

diuretics, etacrynic acid derivatives

-crine

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, tacrine derivatives

-cromil

antiallergics, cromoglicic acid derivatives

-curium

see -ium

-cycline

antibiotics, tetracycline derivatives

-dan

cardiac stimulants, pimobendan derivatives

-dapsone

antimycobacterials, diaminodiphenylsulfone derivatives

-dermin

see -ermin

-dil

vasodilators

-dipine

calcium channel blockers, nifedipine derivatives

-dismase

see -ase

-dopa

dopamine receptor agonists, dopamine derivatives, used as antiparkinsonism/prolactin inhibitors;

-dox

antibacterials, quinoline dioxide derivatives

-dralazine

antihypertensives, hydrazinephthalazine derivatives

-drine

sympathomimetics;

-frine: sympathomimetic, phenethyl derivatives

-dronic acid

calcium metabolism regulator, pharmaceutical aid

-ectin

antiparasitics, ivermectin derivatives

-entan

endothelin receptor antagonists

-eptacog

see -cog

erg

ergot alkaloid derivatives

-eridine

analgesics, pethidine derivatives

-ermin

growth factors;

-dermin (epidermal growth factors);

-fermin (fibrinoblast growth factors);

-nermin (tumour necrosis factor);

-sermin (insulin-like growth factors)

estr

estrogens

-etanide

diuretics, piretanide derivatives

-exakin

see -kin

-exine

mucolytic, bromhexine derivatives

-fenamic acid

anti-inflammatory, anthranilic acid derivatives

-fenamate (“-fenamic acid” derivatives)

-fenin

diagnostic aids; (phenylcarbamoyl)methyl iminodiacetic acid derivatives

-fenine

analgesics, glafenine derivatives - (subgroup of fenamic acid group)

-fentanil

narcotic analgesics, fentanil derivatives

-fermin

see -ermin

-fiban

fibrinogen receptor antagonists (glycoprotein Iib/IIIa receptor antagonists)

-fibrate

clofibrate derivatives

-flapon

5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor

-flurane

general inhalation anaesthetics, halogenated alkane derivatives

-formin

antihyperglycaemics, phenformin derivatives

-fos (-vos)

insecticides, anthelmintics, pesticides etc., phosphorous derivatives

-fos- or fos-

various pharmacological categories belonging to -fos (other than above)

-fradil

calcium channel blockers acting as vasodilators

-frine

see -drine

-fungin

antifungal antibiotics

-fylline

N-methylated xanthine derivatives

gab

gabamimetic agents

gado-

diagnostic agents, gadolinium derivatives

-gatran

thrombin inhibitor, antithrombotic agents

gest

steroids, progestogens

-giline

MAO-inhibitors type B

-gillin

antibiotics produced by Aspergillus strains

gli

antihyperglycaemics, sulfonamide derivatives

-golide

dopamine receptor agonists, ergoline derivatives

-gramostim

see -stim

-grastim

see -stim

-grel- or -grel

platelet aggregation inhibitors

guan-

antihypertensives, guanidine derivatives

-icam

anti-inflammatory, isoxicam derivatives

-ifene

antiestrogens, clomifene and tamoxifen derivatives

-ilide

Class III antiarrhythmics, sematilide derivatives

imex

immunostimulants

-imod

immunomodulators, both stimulant/suppressive and stimulant

-imus

immunosuppressants (other than antineoplastics)

io-

iodine-containing contrast media

-io- or iod-

iodine containing compounds other than contrast media

-iptan

serotonin (5HT₁) receptor agonists, sumatriptan derivatives

-irudin

hirudin derivatives

-isomide

antiarrhythmics, disopyramide derivatives

-ium

quarternary ammonium compounds;

-curium (curare-like substances)

-izine

diphenylmethyl piperazine derivatives;

-rizine (antihistaminics/cerebral (or peripheral) vasodilators)

-kacin

antibiotics, kanamycin and bekanamycin derivatives (obtained from Streptomyces kanamyceticus);

-kalant

potassium channel blockers

-kalim

potassium channel activators, antihypertensive

-kef-

enkephalin agonists

-kin

interleukin type substances;

-nakin (Il-1 derivatives)

-leukin (Il-2 derivatives)

-plestim (Il-3 derivatives)

-exakin (Il-6 derivatives)

-kinra

interleukin receptor antagonists;

-nakinra (Il-1 receptor antagonists)

-kiren

renin inhibitors

-leukin

see -kin

-lipastat

see -stat

-lukast

see -ast

-mab

monoclonal antibodies (for details please see page .....)

-mantadine

adamantane derivatives;

-mantine, -mantone

-meline

cholinergic agents, arecoline derivatives

-mer

polymers

-mesine

sigma receptor ligands

-mestane

aromatase inhibitors

-metacin

anti-inflammatory, indometacin derivatives

-micin

antibiotics obtained from various Micromonospora

-monam

monobactam antibiotics

-morelin

see -relin

-mostim

see -stim

-motine

antivirals, quinoline derivatives

-moxin

monoamine oxidase inhibitors, hydrazine derivatives** not part of definition

-mustine

antineoplastic, alkylating agents, (b-chloroethyl)amine derivatives

-mycin

antibiotics, produced by Streptomyces strains

nab

cannabinol derivatives

-nakin

see -kin

-nakinra

see -kinra

nal-

narcotic antagonists/agonists related to normorphine

-nercept

tumor necrosis factor antagonist

-nermin

see -ermin

nic

nicotinic acid or nicotinoyl alcohol derivatives

-nicate

antihypercholesterolaemic and/or vasodilating nicotinic acid esters

-nidazole

antiprotozoals, metronidazole derivatives

nifur-

5-nitrofuran derivatives

-nixin

anti-inflammatory, anilinonicotinic acid derivatives

-nonacog

see -cog

-octocog

see -cog

-olol

b-adrenoreceptor antagonists;

-alol: aromatic ring -CH-CH2-NH-R related to -olols

-olone

steroids other than prednisolone derivatives

-opamine

dopaminergic agents dopamine derivatives used as cardiac stimulant/antihypertensives/diuretics

-onide

steroids for topical use, acetal derivatives

-(o)nidine

antihypertensives, clonidine derivatives

-orex

anoretics

orphan

narcotic antagonists/agonists, morphinan derivates;

-orphine, -orphinol, orphone

-oxacin

antibacterials, nalidixic acid derivatives

-oxan(e)

benzodioxane derivatives

-oxanide

antiparasitics, salicylanides and analogues

-oxef

antibiotics, oxacefalosporanic acid derivatives

-oxetine

antidepressants, fluoxetine derivatives

-pafant

platelet-activating factor antagonists

-pamide

diuretics, sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives

-pamil

coronary vasodilators, verapamil derivatives

-parcin

glycopeptide antibiotics

-parin

heparin derivatives including low molecular mass heparins

-penem

analogues of penicillanic acid antibiotics modified in the five-membered ring

-peridol

see -perone

-peridone

see -perone

-perone

tranquillizers, neuroleptics, 4'-fluoro-4-piperidinobutyrophenone derivatives;

-peridol (antipsychotics, haloperidol derivatives);

-peridone (antipsychotics, risperidone derivatives)

-pidem

hypnotics/sedatives, zolpidem derivatives

-pin(e)

tricyclic compounds;

-apine (psychoactive);

-cilpine (antiepileptic);

-dipine (see -dipine)

-zepine (antidepressant/neuroleptic);

-oxepin, -oxopine, -sopine, -tepines

-piprazole

psychotropics, phenylpiperazine derivatives

-pirox

antimycotic pyridone derivatives

-planin

antibacterials (Actinoplanes strains)

-platin

antineoplastic agents, platinum derivatives

-plestim

see -stim

-plon

pyrazolo[.]pyrimidine derivatives, used as anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics

-poetin erythropoietin type blood factors

-porfin benzoporphyrin derivatives

-pramine

substances of the imipramine group

-prazole

antiulcer, benzimidazole derivatives

pred

prednisone and prednisolone derivatives;

-methasone or -metasone, -betasol

-pressin

vasoconstrictors, vasopressin derivatives

-pride

sulpiride derivatives

-pril(at)

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

-prim

antibacterials, trimethoprim derivatives

-profen

anti-inflammatory agents, ibuprofen derivatives

prost

prostaglandins;

-prostil (prostaglandins, anti-ulcer)

-prostil

see -prost

-quinil

benzodiazepine receptor partial agonists (quinoline derivatives)

-racetam

amide type nootrope agents, piracetam derivatives

-relin

prehormones or hormone-release stimulating peptides:

-morelin (growth hormone release-stimulating peptides);

-tirelin (thyrotropin releasing hormone analogues)

-relix

hormone-release inhibiting peptides

-renone

aldosterone antagonists, spironolactone derivates

-restat (or -restat-)

see -stat

retin

retinol derivatives

-ribine

ribofuranil-derivatives of the pyrazofurin type

rifa-

antibiotics, rifamycin derivatives

-rinone

cardiac stimulants, amrinone derivatives

-rizine

see -izine

-rozole

aromatase inhibitors, imidazole-triazole derivatives

-rubicin

antineoplastic antibiotics, daunorubicin derivatives

sal

salicylic acid derivatives:

-sal-, salazo-, -salazine/-salazide, -salan

-sartan

angiotensin II receptor antagonists, antihypertensive (non-peptidic)

-semide

diuretics, furosemide derivatives

-sermin

see -ermin

-serpine

derivatives of Rauwolfia alkaloids

-setron

serotonin receptor antagonists (5-HT₃) not fitting into other established groups of serotonin receptor antagonists

som-

growth hormone derivatives

-spirone

anxiolytics, buspirone derivatives

-stat (or -stat-)

enzyme inhibitors:

-lipastat (pancreatic lipase inhibitors);

-restat or -restat- (aldose-reducing inhibitors);

-vastatin (antilipidemic substances, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors)

-steine

mucolytics, other than bromhexine derivatives

-ster-

androgens/anabolic steroids:

-testosterone, -sterone, -ster-, -gesterone, -sterone, sterol, ster,
-(a)steride (antineoplastics)

-stim

colony stimulating factors:

-grastim (granulocyte colony stimulatory factor (G-CSF) type) substances;

-gramostim (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) type substances);

-mostim (macrophage stimulating factors (M-CSF) type substances);

-plestim (interleukin-3 analogues and derivatives)

sulfa-

anti-infectives, sulfonamides

-sulfan

antineoplastic, alkylating agents, methanesulfonates

-tecan

antineoplastics, topoisomerase I inhibitors

-tepa

antineoplastics, thiotepa derivatives

-teplase

see -ase

-terol

bronchodilators, phenethylamine derivatives [previously -prenaline or -terenol]

-terone

antiandrogens

-tiazem

calcium channel blockers, diltiazem derivatives

-tide

peptides and glycopeptides (for special groups of peptides see -actide, -pressin, -relin, -tocin)

-tidine

histamine H₂-receptor antagonists, cimetidine derivatives

-tirelin

see -relin

-tizide

diuretics, chlorothiazide derivatives

-tocin

oxytocin derivatives

-toin

antiepileptics, hydantoin derivatives

-trexate

folic acid analogues

-tricin

antibiotics, polyene derivatives

-triptyline

antidepressants, dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane or cyclopheptene derivatives

-troban

thromboxane A₂-receptor antagonists; antithrombotic agents

-trodast

see -ast

trop

atropine derivatives

-uplase

see -ase

-uracil

uracil derivatives used as thyroid antagonists and as antineoplastics

-uridine

uridine derivatives used as antiviral agents and as antineoplastics; also -udine

-vastatin

see -stat

-verine

spasmolytics with a papaverine-like action

vin- or -vin-

vinca alkaloids

vir

antivirals (undefined group):

-amivir (neuraminidase inhibitors);

-cavir (carbocyclic nucleosides);

-virsen (antisense oligonucleotides)

-virsen

see vir

-vudine

antiviral; antineoplastics, zidovudine derivatives

-xanox

antiallergic respiratory tract drugs, xanoxic acid derivatives

-zafone

alozafone derivatives

-zepine

see -pine

STEM

DEFINITION

mer- or -mer-

mercury-containing drugs, antimicrobial or diuretic
(deleted from General Principles in List 28 prop. INN)

mito-

antineoplastics, nucleotoxic agents
(deleted from General Principles in List 24 prop. INN)

-ol

alcohols and phenols
(deleted from General Principles in 14th report)

-quine, quin

quinoline derivatives
(deleted from General Principles in List 28 prop. INN)

-stigmine

anticholinesterases
(deleted from General Principles in List 24 prop. INN)