The TRIPs Agreement and Pharmaceuticals: II. GENERAL ISSUES: 2.4 Stakeholders’ views

The TRIPs Agreement and Pharmaceuticals
(2000; 91 pages)

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GENERAL ISSUES
	2.1 Background
		2.1.1 The World Trade Organization
		2.1.2 The philosophy of Intellectual Property Rights
		2.1.3 The importance of intellectual property rights for national development.
		2.1.4 The World Intellectual Property Organization
	2.2 WHO’s perspective on globalization and access to drugs
	2.3 The history of the TRIPs negotiations
	2.4 Stakeholders’ views
		2.4.1 The international innovative pharmaceutical industry’s perspective (IFPMA)
		2.4.2 A national pharmaceutical industry perspective (GP Farmasi, Indonesia)
		2.4.3 A consumer’s perspective (Consumers International)
	2.5 Country experiences
		2.5.1 Experiences with the introduction of patents for pharmaceuticals
		2.5.2 Development of TRIPs-compliant legislation in developing countries
III. TECHNICAL ISSUES
	3.1 General overview of the TRIPs Agreement
	3.2 Standards for patentability
	3.3 Compulsory license
	3.4 Parallel import
	3.5 Exceptions to the exclusive rights
	3.6 Enforcement
	3.7 Opposition procedures
	3.8 Increasing access to HIV/AIDS drugs - Thailand’s experience
	3.9 Undisclosed information
	3.10 Trademarks, public health and drugs
	3.11 State practice and WTO participation
	3.12 TRIPs Review
IV. SPECIAL ISSUES
	4.1 Traditional medicinal knowledge & intellectual property rights
	4.2 Implications of the TRIPs Agreement on Biotechnology
	4.3 Biodiversity
		4.3.1 Biodiversity Convention
		4.3.2 Geographical indications
V. ISSUES DISCUSSED IN WORKING GROUPS
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
ANNEXES
	ANNEX A - Workshop Agenda
	ANNEX B - Opening Remarks
	ANNEX C - Selected Articles of the TRIPS Agreement
	ANNEX D - List of Participants

2.4 Stakeholders’ views

Three important stakeholders are the innovative pharmaceutical industry, the national pharmaceutical industry and the consumers. The views of representatives of these groups are presented in paragraphs 2.4.1 to 2.4.3.