The TRIPs Agreement and Pharmaceuticals: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The TRIPs Agreement and Pharmaceuticals
(2000; 91 pages)

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GENERAL ISSUES
	2.1 Background
		2.1.1 The World Trade Organization
		2.1.2 The philosophy of Intellectual Property Rights
		2.1.3 The importance of intellectual property rights for national development.
		2.1.4 The World Intellectual Property Organization
	2.2 WHO’s perspective on globalization and access to drugs
	2.3 The history of the TRIPs negotiations
	2.4 Stakeholders’ views
		2.4.1 The international innovative pharmaceutical industry’s perspective (IFPMA)
		2.4.2 A national pharmaceutical industry perspective (GP Farmasi, Indonesia)
		2.4.3 A consumer’s perspective (Consumers International)
	2.5 Country experiences
		2.5.1 Experiences with the introduction of patents for pharmaceuticals
		2.5.2 Development of TRIPs-compliant legislation in developing countries
III. TECHNICAL ISSUES
	3.1 General overview of the TRIPs Agreement
	3.2 Standards for patentability
	3.3 Compulsory license
	3.4 Parallel import
	3.5 Exceptions to the exclusive rights
	3.6 Enforcement
	3.7 Opposition procedures
	3.8 Increasing access to HIV/AIDS drugs - Thailand’s experience
	3.9 Undisclosed information
	3.10 Trademarks, public health and drugs
	3.11 State practice and WTO participation
	3.12 TRIPs Review
IV. SPECIAL ISSUES
	4.1 Traditional medicinal knowledge & intellectual property rights
	4.2 Implications of the TRIPs Agreement on Biotechnology
	4.3 Biodiversity
		4.3.1 Biodiversity Convention
		4.3.2 Geographical indications
V. ISSUES DISCUSSED IN WORKING GROUPS
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
ANNEXES
	ANNEX A - Workshop Agenda
	ANNEX B - Opening Remarks
	ANNEX C - Selected Articles of the TRIPS Agreement
	ANNEX D - List of Participants

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Agreement	the TRIPs Agreement (see: TRIPs)
AIDS	Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ASEAN	Association of South-East Asian Nations
AZT	3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine (also known as zidovudine)
BMS	Bristol-Myers Squibb
CBD	Convention on Biological Diversity
CL	compulsory license
ddI	didanosine
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
EPO	European Patent Office
EU	European Union
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
FDI	Foreign Direct Investment
GATT	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GI	Genetics Institute
GM	Genetically modified
GMOs	Genetically modified organisms
GP Farmasi	Gabungan Pengusaha Farmasi (Indonesian Pharmaceutical Industry Association)
HIV	human immune deficiency virus
IFPMA	International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
ICH	International Conference on Harmonization
IMF	International Monetary Fund
INN	international non-proprietary name
IP	intellectual property
IPR	intellectual property rights
LDC	least developed countries
MFN	most-favoured-nation
MNC	multi-national companies
MOH	Ministry of Health
NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement
NCE	new chemical entity
NGO(s)	non-governmental organization(s)
NIH	National Institute of Health
PTO	Patent and Trademark Office
R&D	research and development
SK-F	Smith Kline and French
SMP	safety monitoring program
TB	tuberculosis
TK	traditional knowledge
TRIPs	(Agreement on) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property rights
UK	United Kingdom
UNDP	United Nations Development Program
UNIDO	United Nations Industrial Development Organization
US	United States (of America)
USPTO	US Patent and Trademark Office
USTR	US Trade Representative
WB	World Bank
WIPO	World Intellectual Property Organization
WHO	World Health Organization
WTO	World Trade Organization

This report has been compiled by Karin Timmermans and Togi Hutadjulu. Sections I, II, III and IV are based on the presentations and/or papers of the following resource persons:
Dr. Carlos M. Correa University of Buenos Aires, Argentina	Paragraph I, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 3.11 and 3.12
Dr. Cita Priapantja IPR Society, Indonesia	Paragraph 3.9
Dr. German Velasquez World Health Organization	Paragraph 2.2
Dr. Harvey E. Bale International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers	Paragraph 2.4.1
Mr. James Love Consumer Project on Technology, US	Paragraph 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.9 and 3.10
Drs. Kai Arief Iman Selomulya Indonesian Pharmaceutical Association	Paragraph 2.4.2
Dr. Kumariah Balasubramaniam Consumers International, Malaysia	Paragraph 2.4.3
Mr. Matthew Kennedy World Trade Organization	Paragraph 2.1, 3.1 and 3.5
Dr. Mohan D. Nair Pharmaceutical Industry Consultant, India	Paragraph 4.2 and 4.3
Mr. Shakeel Bhatti World Intellectual Property Organization	Paragraph 2.1, 2.5 and 4.1
Ms. Yuwadee Patanawong Food and Drug Administration, Thailand	Paragraph 3.8
Dr. Wattana S. Janjaroen Chulalongkorn University, Thailand	Paragraph 2.5
Sections V and VI are based on the input from participants and delegates.